How to set up Mariadb Galera cluster on Ubuntu or Debian Linux

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This guide explains how to set up MariaDB high-availability cluster for the database using the Galera library, which provides a virtual mater-to-master three-node cluster running on Debian or Ubuntu Linux.

Software and hardware requirements

Minimum three VMs running at cloud providers or bare metal servers in same zone or data center. Always keep an ODD number of servers (at least 3) when all the servers are in the same zone or data center. Please note that the MariaDB Galera cluster can exist between two or more zones/data centers. Galera Cluster requires server hardware for a minimum of three nodes. If your cluster runs on a single switch, use three nodes. If your cluster spans switches, use three switches. If your cluster spans networks, use three networks. If your cluster spans data centers, use three data centers. This ensures that the cluster can maintain a Primary Component in the event of network outages.
Ubuntu 20.04 or Debian 10/11 Linux LTS release. The instructions will not work on other operating systems such as FreeBSD or other Linux distros such as RHEL/SUSE due to different tools (e.g., firewall). However, one can always adopt it.
MariaDB server with Galera library on each VM. The cluster is made of two components (replication engine called Galera and database called MariaDB).
The MariaDB cluster is protected using password-based authentication, TLS, VLAN/VPC, and firewall for security and privacy. The cluster will not accept any traffic from the Internet or public interfaces at all.

This guide will cover the following topics:

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